Los gitanos en Colombia son una comunidad pequeña, pero rica en historia, tradiciones y rasgos culturales que enriquecen la diversidad étnica del país. Los casi cinco mil colombianos que hacen parte del pueblo Rom, como se autodenominan, mantienen vivas muchas de sus costumbres milenarias y tratan de combatir la discriminación racial.
Según el censo más reciente realizado por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE, 2005), en los diversos sitios geográficos del territorio colombiano habitan 4.858 gitanos. “En Bogotá vivimos cerca de 300 gitanos, en Norte de Santander está la mayor concentración de gitanos, hay cerca de 800”, comenta Sandra Demetrio, secretaria general de la Unión Romaní.
El pueblo Rrom es originario de la India y hacia el año mil d.C comenzó un éxodo que lo ha llevado a recorrer diversos países del mundo. Esa prolongada peregrinación rompió sus lazos físicos con su lugar de origen y lo ha llevado a configurar una identidad y una cosmovisión propias que, desde el nomadismo, lo han convertido en una etnia que lleva sus señas “nacionalistas” a donde quiera que vaya.
“Los pilares de la cosmovisión Rom se basan en el respeto a los mayores, en la unión de la comunidad, en la solidaridad, en el valor a la palabra, el respeto a la Kriss, la ley Romaní”, explica Ana Dalila Gómez, coordinadora del proceso organizativo del pueblo gitano en Colombia ProRom.
El hombre gitano es la cabeza de familia, es quien lleva la línea de la ascendencia gitana. Se es gitano si el padre es gitano. Los grupos sociales que conforman los Rom comparten, entre otros aspectos, la idea de un origen común, una tradición nómada, un idioma, un sistema jurídico, unas autoridades, una organización social, el respeto a un complejo sistema de valores y creencias, un especial sentido de la estética que conlleva un fuerte apego a la libertad individual y colectiva, los cuales definen fronteras étnicas que los distinguen de otras poblaciones.
Una de las principales costumbres gitanas es el Abia o boda, ceremonia mediante la cual un hombre y una mujer Rom formalizan, ante los Sere Romengue y la Kumpania, su unión para establecer una relación de pareja permanente. Los grupos familiares llamados Kumpania (Kumpeniyi en plural) se construyen patrilinealmente a partir de alianzas de diverso orden que optan por compartir espacios para vivir cerca o para itinerar de manera conjunta. En Colombia, se ubican generalmente en Bogotá, Girón, Cúcuta, Envigado, San Pelayo, Sahagún y Ciénaga de Oro, Sampués, Cali y Sabanalarga.
La autoridad tradicional de los gitanos es el Sero Rrom, el hombre sobre el cual, por su prestigio, conocimiento de la tradición, capacidad de construir consensos y habilidad en la palabra recae la autoridad de un determinado grupo familiar extenso.
Existe una Kriss o tribunal en el que se reúnen los Sere Romengue de determinada Kumpania con el propósito de resolver una controversia, sancionar un delito y administrar justicia. La decisión de una Kriss es definitiva y obligatoria.
La lengua Romaní o idioma Romanés pertenece a la familia de las lenguas indoeuropeas. Hoy en día, la Shib Romani es hablada como lengua materna en varios lugares del planeta, incluida Colombia, por aproximadamente diez millones de personas; en toda América la hablan 4 millones y en América Latina 2.5 millones. Desde hace siglos, dicho idioma se ha transmitido de generación en generación exclusivamente en forma oral.
Uno de los rasgos que identifican a la comunidad gitana es el nomadismo. El acto físico de ir de un lugar a otro es fundamental en su estilo de vida. Para los Rrom, el mundo es su tierra natal. El nomadismo es una manera de ver el mundo, una actitud frente a la vivienda, el trabajo y la vida en general, el estilo de vida nómada sustenta una cosmovisión particular y radicalmente diferente a la de los pueblos sedentarios.
Paradójicamente, el conjunto de rasgos distintivos de los gitanos los hace blanco fácil de la discriminación, especialmente a las mujeres por su particular forma de vestir: “los hombres no sufren tanto porque se visten como los no gitanos, pero nosotras sí, por nuestras faldas largas; entonces al ir a un centro comercial, los guardias de seguridad nos miran con recelo”, señala Sandra Demetrio.
De ahí que los gitanos, en su lucha por preservar su integridad étnica, cultural y forma de vida, realicen esfuerzos para lograr el reconocimiento jurídico de sus derechos colectivos como Pueblo Rrom, a fin de establecer un marco normativo que regule sus relaciones con el Estado colombiano.
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